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عدم تجانس علاج هيدروكسي يوريا: تأثير ومحددات الشدة في فقر الدم المنجلي

تحديث موجز
إن تحديد شدة فقر الدم المنجلي أمر صعب. يجب أن يأخذ أي تقدير في الاعتبار مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني (الهيموغلوبين الأكثر انتشارا في الثلثين الأخيرين من الحمل في البشر) ، ووجود الثلاسيميا ألفا ، والعمر. أثبت علاج هيدروكسي يوريا (HU) من وجهة نظر الفعالية المختبرية والسريرية أنه يحسن / يحسن علامات وأعراض فقر الدم المنجلي ، وبالتالي يقلل من معدل الوفيات ، وذلك في المقام الأول عن طريق زيادة مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني (HbF) إلى نطاق من 10 إلى 40٪. تقريبا جميع المرضى الذين عولجوا سيكون لهم فائدة مرتبطة بشدة المرض. ومع ذلك ، يوجد تباين كبير بين المرضى حتى لو تم إعطاء الجرعة القصوى المسموح بها من HU ، وسيعاني بعض المرضى من كبت النخاع المفرط بجرعات منخفضة نسبيا.

Some authors (McDade, J and Ware, R.E.) hypothesised in 2009 that "genetic polymorphisms may play an important role in the observed inter-patient variability for both Hydroxyurea response and toxicity".

في عام 2016 ، ذكر Habara، A. and Steinberg، M.H. أن عدم التجانس الظاهري لمرض فقر الدم المنجلي تم تفسيره جزئيا فقط من خلال التباين الجيني لتعبير الهيموغلوبين الجنيني والوراثة المشتركة لثلاسيميا ألفا. اقترح العمل الذي قام به آخرون وأظهروا لاحقا الارتباط غير المتوقع لدور BCL11A في التعبير الجيني HbF.

In 2022, Sales RR. et al. published a systematic review to assess whether genetic polymorphisms affect HbF levels in patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia treated with HU. In addition, pathway analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Of 1,597 articles initially identified, only seven cohort studies were included in the systematic review (five from the US and two from Brazil).

Of 1,597 articles initially identified, only seven cohort studies were included in the systematic review (five from the US and two from Brazil). The sample mean age ranged from 8.1 to 21 years. The mean dose of HU ranged from 19 to 27.1 +/- 4.3 mg/Kg, and the mean duration of treatment with HU ranged from 13.4 to 102 months.



The authors comment that "a complex regulation environment determines the HbF concentration in the blood as well as chromosome remodelling, transcription factors, erythropoiesis modulation, gene regulatory elements linked to the beta- globin gene cluster and the kinetics of erythroid cell differentiation and differential red cell survival. Consistent with this complex regulation apparatus, even with the restricted number of studies, our systematic review suggests that there is huge heterogeneity in genetic elements modulating the HbF levels in response to HU treatment". After extensive analysis, the authors concluded: "Changes in HbF levels in response to HU therapy are likely to be regulated by genetic variations on multiple loci, and there is evidence that the BCL11A gene affects HbF changes in patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia treated with Hydroxyurea". The induction of HbF is a powerful mechanism of action of HU; however, further research is needed to predict the success of treatment.
ما هو التطبيق العملي لكل هذه الأبحاث الجينية الجارية؟
بالنظر إلى أن الاستجابة للعلاج ب HU متغيرة ويبدو أنها سمة موروثة ، وحوالي 25٪ من المرضى لا يستجيبون لعلاج HU أو يعتبرون مستقلبين فقراء ، فإن الدراسات الحديثة جدا التي تقيم المحددات الجينية للاستجابة لهيدروكسي يوريا جنبا إلى جنب مع وجود متغيرات في الجينات المسؤولة ليس فقط عن استقلاب HU ولكن أيضا لتنظيم تعبير HbF وتكاثر سلف الكريات الحمر قد تكون الإجابة على الاختلافات في استجابات المرضى ل HU.

Ginette, C. et al. (2023) from Portugal have published that using HU in children with Sickle Cell Anaemia should be considered safe and beneficial. "Even in children considered non/poor responders, using HbF as the main criteria, significant changes were registered in almost the same parameters identified in responders, which also denotes clinical improvement in these patients".

Again, their conclusion was: "Several polymorphisms seem to be associated with response to Hydroxyurea treatment in Sickle Cell Anaemia patients as previously reported in other studies". On the other hand, apart from the co-inheritance of alfa-thalassaemia and phenotype elements determining HbF levels, environmental factors are undoubtedly crucial with socioeconomics and access to basic medical care explaining the considerable differences in outcomes between countries. In addition, studies indicate that the inflammatory profile can vary according to the genetic polymorphisms of the patient. The healthcare system should provide the necessary infrastructure to confirm new-borns’ diagnoses and provide appropriate counselling and treatment. The early diagnosis and treatment, as well as the follow-up with a multidisciplinary team, are fundamental to the survival rate and patients' quality of life.

As a final comment, the responsible healthcare provider should not withhold safe and effective therapy with Hydroxyurea from people with the disease while awaiting a better model to predict who will be the sickest of the sick. Every person with HbSS, as young as six to nine months of age, deserves disease-modifying therapy (Hydroxyurea); However, it can now be argued that every child with an HLA-matched sibling donor is a potential candidate for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The mission of Masters Speciality Pharma, a شركة أدوية عالمية, is to improve the lives of patients by facilitating access to life-saving medications. We work alongside life science partners and knowledgeable موردي الأدوية الصيدلانية to the healthcare industry. Our primary goal is to supply people in emerging markets with essential medicines.

مراجع McDade,J. et.al. (2009). http://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V114.22.820.820 Habara,A. and Steinberg, MH.(2016). http://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216636726 Sales,RR. et.al. (2022). http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.779497 Ginete,C. et.al.(2023). http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108792 Written by: Enrique Blanco, MD. FCP.
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